![]() It also has an open API allowing developers to create integrations with other applications.Basecamp 3 allows users to access their work wherever they go so they can always stay on top of things. The software also offers analytics to help businesses better understand their projects' workloads.Basecamp 3 works in conjunction with Microsoft Office 365, Google Drive, Dropbox, Box, and Amazon S3. Users can organize projects into folders for easier access and manage all of their messages within one location. ![]() Project managers can assign tasks, set due dates, attach files, and communicate with their team members using Basecamp 3's messaging system. The free version is limited to syncing between three accounts, but there is also a monthly fee-based option available for businesses who need more accounts or who want to take advantage of Basecamp 3's mobile apps.Basecamp 3 offers users real-time updates, which helps ensure that each team member remains up-to-date on current projects and tasks. The software is specifically tailored to help small teams manage projects and tasks. Basecamp 3 is a cloud-based application which can be accessed through any device connected to the Internet. ![]() Basecamp 3 is one such tool.Basecamp 3 is a web-based project management application designed by 37 Signals, a company founded in 1999 by Jason Fried and David Heinemeier Hansson with the intention of creating more efficient ways of working. The wide variety of business software available can be overwhelming for a business owner or their employees to choose from. As technology continues to develop, many companies have been forced to expand on the number of tools they provide in order to remain competitive. In today's digital age, individuals and businesses alike are looking for ways to simplify their lives and make the most of their time. Comprehensive Email Solution with Calendars, Contacts, Docs and More.Improve Productivity and Collaborate Seamlessly Live chat software to provide immediate response to clients.Ĭreate stunning posters, logos, greeting cards, brochures, etc.Ĭonnect your data and build smooth workflowsīuild customer trust with a custom domain name Website builder to build websites in minutesĬhatbot builder to build chatbots without coding
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![]() Your email will be used to send you the PiCockpit Newsletter only. Here is an example configuration to set the static IP to 192.168.1.120 with a wireless connection to a router at 192.168.1. We will keep you updated about Raspberry Pi availability and other important developments in the Raspberry Pi world Also you will get Raspberry Pi tips, updates and fun projects. focuswriter 1.8.1-1 foiltex 2.1.4b-5 foliate 2.6.4-1+dfsg3 folks-common 0.15.5-2. DNS_IP – the DNS IP address (typically the same as your router’s gateway address).ROUTER_IP – the gateway IP address for your router on the local network. The registered trademark Linux is used pursuant to a sublicense from LMI, the exclusive licensee of Linus Torvalds, owner of the mark on a world-wide basis.Set the host to '', the value to your public IP address, and the TTL as low as possible. Delete all records and create a new A record. Before you begin, you will need to follow our tutorial on how to prepare your Raspberry Pi as a server.Once thats done, visit your registrars Advanced DNS settings page. What I love about the Scripto is how personal you can make it. 17 hours ago &0183 &32 How to Install Ghost on a Raspberry Pi. The Pi boots into a fullscreen adapted version of FocusWriter and provides a host of motivational features, like timers for ‘word sprints’ and word count targets. STATIC_IP – the static IP address you want to set for the Raspberry Pi. No more squinting at a laptop on a summer day.NETWORK – your network connection type: eth0 (Ethernet) or wlan0 (wireless). ![]() At the bottom, add the following lines, replacing the emboldened names with your own network details: interface NETWORK If you haven’t edited the file previously, it will mainly contain various comment lines preceded by a hash (#) symbol. Now you have found all your network connection information, it’s time to edit the nf configuration file to add the settings you need to set up a static IP address for your Raspberry Pi: sudo nano /etc/nf FocusWriter is a distraction-free word processor program that hides all the interfaces: menu bar, toolbar, status bar, etc and starts in fullscreen mode to enable the user fully immersed in their work. ![]() PostScan Mail scans and uploads mail items on your behalf at secured facilities online. If you need 24×7 digital access to your snail mail, PostScan Mail can make it happen for you. We are here to help you decide which one’s the best fit for your needs.īelow are some of the best mail scanning and forwarding services that you can consider using: PostScan Mail It can be frustrating to miss out on time-sensitive documents and end up paying penalties.Ī mail forwarding service helps you prevent such scenarios by sending you mail where you can receive it actively.įortunately, several mail forwarding companies offer excellent services to their customers. If you want to improve your brand image, there is yet another way to do that! Use PostGrid’s direct mail API to automate mailing campaigns and connect with your target audience. Also, it enables you to keep your personal address private and confidential. It helps build customer loyalty and increase brand reputation. It is advisable to use a virtual address with mail forwarding services to present a more professional front to customers in such situations. Some small and medium-sized businesses are home-based and don’t have an office address per se. This way, you can receive all your mail items at one virtual address-before it is forwarded to you wherever you are. Just give everyone the mailing address you register with your mail forwarding service provider. You can move to a different address without compromising customer or client communication. But, you no longer need to do that if you use mail forwarding services. It is often daunting to change addresses every time you move to a new location. This way, you can reply to your partners, suppliers, clients, or customers faster. Getting digital copies of your mail promptly helps you tend to it earliest. It helps you pay for fewer pieces and receive only essential mail items. Mail forwarding services often discard junk mail automatically. Plus, some mail forwarding services recycle unwanted mail after scanning and emailing the digital copies to you. You can do all this with the click of a button in about a minute. Instead of having huge piles of paperwork on your desk, you can choose to shred them even before reaching you. ![]() Hence, you can save office space and cut down costs on scanning and shredding equipment. Moreover, they also provide other options like mail shredding. Most services offer free physical mail storage for their customers. If you use mail forwarding services, you won’t need this room anymore. They also use this room to open and scan mailpieces before shredding them (if not useful). ![]() Most companies have a mailroom to store their mail items. They are HIPAA, PIPEDA, and SOC-2 certified and can deliver your mail with the utmost confidentiality. If you also need mail security while sending your items to prospects and clients, use PostGrid’s direct mail services. Meanwhile, these services scan and upload the image of your mailpieces for you to view online. There is always someone at your virtual address to receive mail on your behalf-assuring that your items are safe and never stolen. You can get it delivered to you later (when you are physically present to collect it). However, mail forwarding services can help you receive mail at a virtual address. Hence, it is never wise to leave your mail items unattended. It is especially true while receiving important documents, bank statements, tax forms, credit cards, etc.Īlso, there are theft risks if you cannot collect mail from your mailbox or doorstep for a long time. Having a friend or neighbor pick up your mail on your behalf can lead to data breaches or other privacy issues. Mail forwarding services make it possible and allow you to get your mail delivered right to you, irrespective of where you are staying. But, what if you want to live with a relative for a few months? In cases like this, you must redirect mail to another address. Suppose you have a home mailing address where you usually receive your mail. Apart from getting your mail delivered anywhere you want, there are several more benefits, like: Receive Your Mail and Packages Conveniently There is more than one advantage of using mail forwarding services. by a previously stored window title in the KeePass entry. ![]() To do this, the corresponding field is selected in the window and via keyboard shortcut, default: Ctrl + Alt + A, the corresponding value can be filled e.g. KeePass simulates a keyboard for this and types the corresponding values. ![]() With KeePass it is possible to enter certain values, such as the username and password, in a window using AutoType. The easiest way to access Keeweb is via the KeeWeb website:, alternatively KeeWeb can be hosted on its own static webspace or locally on the client.īut now back to the classic KeePass2 client: Using the saved credentials It would also be conceivable to access the database from certain devices with the KeePass2 client, and from others without installation via KeeWeb. KeeWeb is therefore much faster and simpler to implement than KeePass, but the existing Keepass plugins of the classic Keepass2 client are not compatible with Keeweb. If the database is stored with a cloud provider, it can be accessed directly in the browser from any client or mobile device, completely without installation. The data is stored in the browser's memory for the time being, but can also be stored in Dropbox, Google Drive, OneDrive or on a WebDAV folder in addition to a local file. The Keepass files are compatible with the classic KeePass2 client and can either be opened from an existing KeePass file or created directly in Keeweb. KeeWeb is an alternative Keepass client which can be run directly in the browser without client installation. In all cases, however, the cloud provider's sync tool can be used in combination with a trigger in the KeePass client, see Trigger. Google Drive has a sync plugin that can do the job, but only for Windows, not Linux. On Android, the app takes care of this in all cases. KeePass should be opened with a local copy of the database, and when it is saved, the changes are then synchronized with the cloud version. Mobile apps allow you to access the password database from your smartphone or tablet.įor the following implementation examples, I tested the operating systems Windows, Linux, and Android as well as the two well-known cloud storages Google Drive and Dropbox.įor database synchronization, the implementation should look something like this: At this point, please do not panic: If the file falls into the wrong hands, it will be worthless without the associated master password. To make KeePass cloud-ready, the file can be synced via any cloud provider (Dropbox, Google Drive, OneDrive, NextCloud). Unlike LastPass, KeePass does not store the password database with a cloud provider, but in a local file. To achieve the same comfort as with Lastpass, KeePass requires a bit more steps, but KeePass always remains under its own control, since the password database can be placed on any storage. With the right configuration or extensions, passwords can be accessed from anywhere, and when using AutoFill, passwords are automatically suggested when KeePass is open. However, KeePass requires much less than, for example, a self-hosted Bitwarden installation. KeePass allows more leeway in implementation and setting options, or in the choice of plugins and apps, and therefore sometimes requires some planning. KeePass' implementation options range from offline use on a local drive or USB stick, to synchronization via a cloud provider. ![]() KeePass is flexible and offers more implementation options.KeePass is independent that it works on the local computer without any corresponding server services, yet the data can be synchronized via a cloud provider.KeePass, like Bitwarden, is free (not only the desktop program, but also extensions and mobile apps).Why KeePass and not a pure cloud solution like LastPass or Bitwarden? And the integration in the various operating systems ![]() From here, they are to download the latest antivirus version. Users are urged to click the "Proceed." button to be redirected to the update download page. To eliminate these alleged threats, the device's antivirus software apparently needs an update. To further give the impression of legitimacy, it lists the virus names, types, threat levels, and infected files. The pop-up window states that immediate removal is required, as users risk permanent data loss and further system damage (implying that it has already suffered some).Īdditionally, visitors are warned that their personal and banking information is endangered. The results inform visitors that their Mac/iOS might be infected with five viruses. Once the deceptive site is entered, it displays a pop-up which claims to perform a system scan. Rogue websites are usually accessed inadvertently via redirects caused by intrusive advertisements or Potentially Unwanted Applications (PUAs) installed on the browser/system. No web page can find threats/issues on systems, and any that make these claims cannot be trusted. ![]() The pop-up alerts users of viruses it has supposedly detected on their devices and offers to update their antivirus software. It employs scare tactics to encourage visitors into taking certain actions, which result in them being redirected to various untrustworthy and malicious sites. "Your Mac/iOS may be infected with 5 viruses!" is a pop-up window displayed by deceptive/scam websites. What is "Your Mac/iOS may be infected with 5 viruses!"? AUDIO SYSTEM, AM/FM STEREO, SINGLE DISC CD PLAYER USB port and auxiliary jack (Includes (UQA) Bose premium 8-speaker system) (STD) (RAO).Traction control, all-speed brake and engine controlled.StabiliTrak, Electronic Stability Control System.Safety belts, 3-point, all seating positions.Services may vary by model and conditions.) OnStar Guidance plan for 1 year including Automatic Crash Response, Stolen Vehicle Assistance, Roadside Assistance, Turn-by-Turn Navigation, Advanced Diagnostics and more (trial excludes Hands-Free Calling) (Visit for coverage map, details and system limitations.See the Owner's Manual for more information.) Children are safer when properly secured in a rear seat in the appropriate child restraint. Air bags, dual-stage frontal and side impact, driver and right-front passenger and head curtain side-impact, front and rear outboard seating positions includes Passenger Sensing System (Always use safety belts and child restraints.Air bag, Passenger Sensing System (Always use safety belts and child restraints.Windows, power front express-up and down, rear express-down and remote express down feature for all windows.Visors, driver and front passenger illuminated vanity mirrors.Universal Home Remote includes garage door opener, 3-channel programmable.Theft-deterrent system, vehicle, PASS-Key III+.Steering wheel, leather-wrapped 3-spoke.Steering wheel controls, mounted controls for audio, cruise and Cadillac CUE.Steering column, manual rake and telescopic.Sensor, automatic air circulation/air quality.Seats, heated driver and front passenger.Seats, front bucket includes 8-way power driver seat adjuster.Seat, rear 60/40 split-folding with recline.Seat adjusters, driver and front passenger power lumbar control.Seat adjuster, front passenger 8-way power.Seat adjuster front driver-side thigh support.Mirror, inside rearview auto-dimming includes OnStar controls.Lighting accent, LED spotlights with lighting pipes includes lit door sill plates.Instrumentation, analog with speedometer, tachometer, engine temperature and fuel gauge with color Driver Information Center.Gauge cluster includes color Driver Information Center.Door locks, power programmable includes lockout protection and delayed locking.Defogger, rear-window electric with front and side window outlets for the driver and right-front passenger.Cruise control, electronic with set and resume speed.Console, overhead with sunroof switch (if equipped), Universal Home Remote (if equipped) and Front and Rear Parking Assist indicator (if equipped).Console, front floor with floor shifter, armrest and dual storage compartment.Console, center includes armrest, storage bin, storage tray and dual cupholders.Climate control, dual-zone automatic with individual climate settings for driver and front passenger.Cargo shade, retractable Shale and Titanium.Cargo management, rear storage area includes U-rail with adjustable cargo fence, under floor storage and retractable cargo shade.Cadillac CUE (Cadillac User Experience) Information and Media Control System 8" display featuring touch response, haptic feedback, gesture recognition, proximity sensing, articulating storage door/bin, clock display and compass feature.Armrest, rear center with dual cup holders.Armrest, front center, fore/aft, sliding.OnStar with 4G LTE and built-in Wi-Fi hotspot to connect to the internet at 4G LTE speeds, includes 3GB or 3 months OnStar Data Trial (whichever comes first) (Available 4G LTE Wi-Fi requires compatible mobile device, active OnStar subscription and data plan after trial.).Bluetooth streaming audio for music and select phones.See our Customer Agreement for complete terms at All fees and programming subject to change.) If you decide to continue listening after your trial, the subscription plan you choose will automatically renew and you will be charged according to your chosen payment method at then-current rates. (IMPORTANT: The SiriusXM Satellite Radio trial package is not provided on vehicles that are ordered for Fleet Daily Rental ("FDR") use. Plus listening on the app and online is included, so you'll hear the best SiriusXM has to offer, anywhere life takes you. Enjoy a 3-month All Access trial subscription with over 150 channels including commercial-free music, plus sports, news and entertainment. Audio system, SiriusXM and HD Radio SiriusXM Satellite Radio is standard on nearly all 2016 GM models. ![]() Audio system, AM/FM stereo, single disc CD player USB port and auxiliary jack (Includes (UQA) Bose premium 8-speaker system).Audio system feature, Bose premium 8-speaker system. I date from the original IBM PC days, and still have some ancient DOS software that DOSBox lets me run. I'm not especially interested in playing old BBS Door games (and wasn't back when I called BBSes), but I am a fan of DOSBox. NET code, Smart Step Into, more debugger improvements, C# Interactive, new project wizard, and formatting code in columns. Sponsor: Get the latest JetBrains Rider for debugging third-party. Head over to and STAR his GitHub Repository and if you like GameSrv and appreciate the work involved, you can donate to Rick as well. Perhaps I'm easily impressed, or I just miss ASCII art. I'm going to see if my 10 and 12 year olds get a kick out of some of these adventure games.įinally, and slightly related, try " curl wttr.in/portland" in a large WSL (Linux) console. I'm heartened to see 20 year old BBS Door Games come to live on Windows 10. Selecting a Door Game will cause GameSrc to launch DOSBox and run the Door, while brokering the output back to your telnet client. Once you sign up for your BBS with a new account, you can try out the Door Games menu. You can "ALT-ENTER" to put Sync Term full screen, which is awesome. You could setup a VM in Azure and run it there to make your BBS and Door Games available to the public if you'd like! Then, either "telnet localhost" or run "syncterm localhost" to access your BBS. Run GameSrvConsole and it will listen on localhost by default. I think it should in order to be a complete and effective solution for telnet/ssh/etc. As I understand it (I could be wrong) the current conhost - lovely as it is - doesn't yet support this. In order to find and render those glyphs, consoles will use "font fallback" and follow a tree of fonts, looking for the best glyph. NOTE: One of the major challenges of the conhost (console host - the thing that paints the console window and hosts and paints text and handles keyboard input for bash/cmd/powershell) is that while there's lots of great console fonts, those fonts don't often include some of the obscure extended ASCII DOS characters that BBS's used to draw their menus. You should also try out EtherTerm, Qodem and NetRunner as other cool BBS-friendly terminal options. SyncTerm is totally custom with a whole host of Bitmapped fonts and a lot of custom work around extended control sequences. While WSL's ANSI support is good, these missing characters cause hiccups. You'll be able to telnet into your BBS with Ubuntu's (Bash on Windows/WSL) built in Telnet but you may run into issues with local echo (you'll want to Ctrl-] then type "mode char") as well as some missing extended ASCII characters that BBS's loved to draw menus with. ![]() Go get SyncTerm, Rick's GameSrv Full, as well as DOSBox 0.73. A locally-run cross-platform option for connecting to BBS's is SyncTERM. fTelnet lets you connect to Bulletin Board Systems from the comfort of your browser. You may know Rick from his fTelnet browser based app. Rick Parrish has a BBS door game server for Windows and Linux that he's written in open source C# called GameSrv. It'll act as a front-end and accept telnet connections before passing them off to the DOS BBS software. GameSrv can be used to bring your old DOS based BBS server into the new millennium. So the question is, could we play DOS-based 16-bit Door Games today? Yes. TradeWars was the Elite Dangerous of the BBS set. TradeWars is/was the most well-known Door Game and we'd play it for months. When the game extended, the BBS picked up the phone and kept the connection. ![]() Door Games were ASCII/ANSI games that the BBS would shell out to, passing the connection over. You might also want to telnet:// for ASCII-based Star Wars! Originally we would call (like literally dial-up one to one) a BBS but ubiquitous internet added telnet as a nice option that persists today. ![]() You can try setting up what I'm going to describe in this post, or you can try telnet'ing to a BBS like the CaveBBS here: telnet://. Why? Because it's awesome and history is lovely. I'll do a more extensive post later and I'm going to turn this into a full conference talk, but for the demo I ran a few BBS Door Games under Windows 10. I did a lightning talk this week at NDC London where I started with a text file that included a CR/LF, Git autocrlf, then talked about typewriters, what a Carriage really is, then the Teletype Model 33, the Altair 8800, the ASCII chart, then ANSI art, and finally moved on to BBS's and BBS Door Games. ![]() I continue to enjoy seeing what can be done with WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) but even more fun is combining CMD.exe (the Windows console), Ubuntu on Windows (WSL), and DOSBox (an x86 emulator that lets you run OLD programs in original DOS that no longer run natively on Windows). The F-35 Joint Program Office estimates the Auto GCAS will prevent more than 26 ground collisions during the service of the F-35 fleet. The Auto GCAS will ultimately protect more than 3,200 F-35s and their pilots worldwide. Lockheed Martin and the F-35 Joint Program Office (JPO) completed F-35 Auto GCAS integration and flight testing in 2018 and plan to begin fielding this proven life-saving technology in June 2019. Air National Guard F-16 Block 30 aircraft and the capability is expected to be fielded on that fleet in 2020. Auto GCAS flight testing was also recently completed on U.S. Air Force F-16 Block 40/50 aircraft worldwide. The Auto GCAS capability is currently operating on more than 600 U.S. “Many aviation professionals believe autonomy is emerging as the new frontier in aviation and Auto GCAS currently represents the leading edge of autonomy as it applies to manned platforms.” “Based on the data we’ve seen so far, the Auto GCAS is doing exactly what it was designed to do: save priceless lives and valuable military aircraft,” said Griffin. No action is required by the pilot, though the system does have a pilot override function. ![]() The Auto GCAS executes in the background and automatically provides protection whether the pilot is distracted, task-saturated, incapacitated, or unconscious. If the system predicts an imminent collision, an autonomous avoidance maneuver-a roll to wings-level and +5g pull-is commanded at the last instance to prevent ground impact. ![]() Air Force statistics, CFIT incidents account for 26 percent of aircraft losses and a staggering 75 percent of all F-16 pilot fatalities.Īccording to Ed Griffin, Lockheed Martin Skunk Works’ program manager for the Automatic Collision Avoidance Technologies (ACAT) Fighter Risk Reduction Program, the system consists of a set of complex collision avoidance and autonomous decision making algorithms that utilize precise navigation, aircraft performance and on-board digital terrain data to determine if a ground collision is imminent. The Auto GCAS, developed jointly by Lockheed Martin Skunk Works®, the Air Force Research Laboratory and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is designed to reduce incidents of what is known as controlled flight into terrain, or CFIT. Now select 'mp_startup_mod' and enjoy your time coding. After that start Black Ops 3 and click on 'Mods'. And select the following items:Ĭlick on Build and wait while the game is building your mod. Tip: to see other posts by that member, click on the post detail popup. Click one or more checkboxes for bulk approval, or click on a post title to open the post detail popup. Navigate to your main Black Ops III folder and launch 'modtools_launcher.bat'. A list of pending posts is the first page you see when you open the mod tools page for your Town. Open the 'mp_startup_mod' folder, go to scripts\mp\gametypes and open the file '_clientids.gsc'. zip file and place the 'mp_startup_mod' folder inside the 'mods' folder. When that's done you need to open the windows explorer and go to: C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\Call of Duty Black Ops IIIĪnd just create a new folder called 'mods'. Once you've downloaded the necessities, I suggest you download this zip file, where you will find Treyarch's documentation and most of their game scripts. Start looking for 'Call of Duty: Black Ops III - Mod Tools'.Hove over 'Library' and select the 'Tools' option.Incase you haven't downloaded Black Ops III Mod Tools, here's a short guide on how to get them: See deployment for notes on how to deploy the project on a live system. These instructions will get you a copy of the project up and running on your local machine for development and testing purposes. gsc scripts in VS Code with full support for Black Ops III. ![]() ![]() This neat little extension allows you to code your. ![]() Thus, expressed in per unit, the combined motor current is obtained by using the equation: At unity power factor, the load is given as three-quarters or 0.75 p.u. If the motors are operating at 12 kV, this represents 12 kV/13.8 kV = 0.87 per-unit voltage. Calculate Operating Conditions of the Motors The completed reactance diagram is shown in Figure 5:įigure 5 – Single line reactance circuit diagram (reactances shown on a per-unit basis)ħ. Use the correcting equation from Step 3, above. Xper unit = (65) (25,000)/(1000)(72.1)2 = 0.313 p.u.Ĭorrections need to be made in the nameplate ratings of both motors because of differences of ratings in kVA and kV as compared with those selected for calculations in this problem.Xper unit = (ohms reactance)(base kVA)/(1000)(base kV)2 =.Calculate the Transmission-Line Reactance (nameplate per-unit reactance) (base kVA/nameplate kVA) (nameplate kV/base kV)2 = Use the equation for correction: per-unit reactance: In this problem, 25,000 kVA is chosen as the base S, and simultaneously, at the generator end 13.8 kV is selected as a base voltage Vbase. It should be of the general magnitude of the components, and the choice is arbitrary. ![]() Establish Base Voltage through the Systemīy observation of the magnitude of the components in the system, a base value of apparent power S is chosen. Specifications are given in above table.ġ. X” = 15 percent XL = 15 percent X” = 15 percent X” = 15 percent X = 65 Ωįigure 4 – Single line diagram of electric-power system supplying motor loads. ![]() Per-unit method of solving of 3-phase problemsįor the system shown in Figure 4, draw the electric circuit or reactance diagram, with all reactances marked in per-unit (p.u.) values, and find the generator terminal voltage assuming both motors operating at 12 kV, three-quarters load, and unity power factor.ġ3.8kVĒ5,000 kVAđ5,000 kVAđ0,000 kVA –Ģ5,000 kVA 3-phaseđ3.2/69 kVđ3.0 kVđ3.0 kV – It is necessary to make a correction when the transformer nameplate reactance is used because the calculated operation is at a different voltage, 13.8 kV / 72.136 kV instead of 13.2 kV / 69 kV.ĮEP – Nov1, 2017 Corrections by Ovide Brudo, Nov 18th If a different S base were used in this problem, then a correction would be necessary as shown for the transmission line, electric motors, and power transformers. No calculation is necessary for correcting the value of the generator reactance because it is given as 0.15 p.u. The selected base S value remains constant throughout the system, but the base voltage is 13.8 kV at the generator and at the motors, and 72.136 kV on the transmission line. The base voltage of the motors is determined likewise but with the 72.136 kV value, thus: Since Gullstrand powers and focal lengths are measured with respect to a hypothetical plane, it is often more useful to deal with front and back vertex focal lengths.The base voltage of the transmission line is then determined by the turns ratio of the connecting transformer: For a thick lens with surface powers P 1 = and P 2 = diopters The powers in the equation are then the surface powers. The equivalent power given by Gullstrand's equation isīy putting in the index of refraction of the glass, Gullstrand's equation can be applied to a thick lens. For lenses with powers P 1 = diopters and P 2= diopters It is often useful to calculate the front and back vertex powers or focal lengths. Gullstrand's equation can be used to calculate the effective focal length of a thick lens or two separated lenses with respect to the second principal plane. Gullstrand's Equation Gullstrand's Equation Calculations |
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